Managing Type 2 diabetes effectively requires an understanding of how blood sugar levels fluctuate and the potential dangers of both hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Recognizing the differences, symptoms, and appropriate responses can help maintain stable glucose levels and prevent complications.

What is Hyperglycemia?

Hyperglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels are too high, typically above 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) after meals. This can happen due to excessive carbohydrate intake, missed medication, stress, illness, or lack of physical activity.

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia:

• Increased thirst and frequent urination
• Fatigue and weakness
• Blurred vision
• Headaches
• Slow-healing wounds
• Nausea and, in severe cases, vomiting

How to Manage Hyperglycemia:

• Monitor blood glucose levels regularly.
• Stay hydrated by drinking water to help flush out excess glucose.
• Engage in light physical activity (if no ketones are present).
• Adjust medication or insulin as prescribed by your doctor.
• Follow a balanced, low-glycemic diet to prevent spikes.

If left untreated, hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), both of which are medical emergencies.

What is Hypoglycemia?

Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low, typically below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). This is often caused by skipping meals, taking too much insulin or diabetes medication, excessive physical activity, or alcohol consumption without food.

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia:

• Shakiness, dizziness, or sweating
• Rapid heartbeat
• Hunger and irritability
• Confusion or difficulty concentrating
• Weakness or fatigue
• In severe cases, unconsciousness or seizures

How to Treat Hypoglycemia:

• Consume 15-20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates (e.g., glucose tablets, fruit juice, or regular soda).
• Wait 15 minutes and recheck blood sugar. If still low, repeat treatment.
• Once stabilized, eat a balanced snack or meal to prevent another drop.

Severe hypoglycemia can lead to loss of consciousness, requiring immediate emergency treatment with glucagon or medical assistance.

Prevention Tips for Both Conditions

• Maintain a consistent meal schedule with balanced macronutrients.
• Monitor blood sugar regularly and adjust medication as needed.
• Stay physically active but avoid overexertion without proper fueling.
• Be mindful of stress, illness, and medication interactions.

Understanding the warning signs and acting promptly can help prevent complications and ensure better diabetes management. If you experience frequent high or low blood sugar episodes, consult your healthcare provider to adjust your treatment plan.